Islam The Islamic Civilizations - 1128 Words

There are a lot of very interesting comparative and contrasts you can deduct from ancient Hebrews V.s. the Islamic civilizations. In both cultures we see a submission to some form of God. Both cultures were at one point polytheistic. They both have very unique history to them. I find Islamic culture to be very different in many ways however from Hebrews. Islamic culture we see a book called the Quran, this book are all words from Mohammad copied by his disciples. He gave birth to a mono theistic religion. He brought all the Muslims to be a community rather than spread out. His message was not very different from that of Christianity or Judaism. He believed that the soul was eternal and that there was a Devine deity. The Devine deity that he believes is God is called Allah. He also believes that Allah is a personal god. Muhammad had a huge impact on the Arabian Peninsula. He had assumed the role of spiritual leadership and political authority. One of the things I see that is very different from Judaism is that there was some sort of rock called the Kaaba that Muslims deem holy. It is Muslim tradition that Kaaba was built by Abraham and Ishmael, and this was the spot where Abraham prepared to sacrifice Ishmael. It is a sort of duty that once in the life of a Muslim you must make it to Kaaba and do the ritual of circling it 7 times. I find this very interesting of what makes Kaaba holy. Scientist say that the black rock inside Kaaba is some sort of meteorite. Another keyShow MoreRelatedThe Islamic Civilization And Islam1658 Words   |  7 PagesOne cannot have an adequate and well-versed discussion about Islamic civilization without first defining two key terms: Civilization and Islam. Associate Professor at Washington University in St. Louis, Ahmet Karamustafa, defines civilizations as, â€Å"nothing more than a particular, even unique combination of ideas and practice that groups of human actors – who are the real agents of human history – affirm as their own and use to define and develop their own sense of presence and agency inRead MoreThe Islamic Religion Of The Arabian Desert1505 Words   |  7 Pagescriterion in Islam is not color or social status. It s who is most righteous. If I go to a mosque - and I m a basketball player with money and prestige - if I go to a mosque and see an imam, I feel inferior. He s better than me. It s about knowledge.(Hakeem Olajuwon) The Islamic religion may also be defined as your average day rollercoaster; You have your climb, your peak, your drop or fall, and of course even when this coaster has ended it still has impacted you in some sort of way. The Islamic religionRead MoreThe Rise Of Islam By Matthew Gordon954 Words   |  4 PagesGordon’s book, â€Å"The Rise of Islam†. Throughout the course of history, many religions have had a profound effect on western civilization. During the early 5th century a religion arose that had an extremely important impact on western civilization. The Arabic prophet Muhammad founded the religion known today as Islam. Violence, diplomacy, Arabic tradition, and public law played a vital role in the rise and conquest of Islam. These four key elements that fostered the rise of Islam helped establish one ofRead MoreThe Islam During The Postclassical Period916 Words   |  4 PagesThe prophet Muhammad founded the religion known as Islam during the postclassical period. He claimed to hear voices while meditating alone and believed this voice to be that of a higher being. He declared himself the last prophet and formed the Islamic religion on the belief that at the end of time, on Judgment Day, everyone would be resurrected and either have eternal punishment in hellfire or eternal joy in paradise. Islam grew in popularity around the world when Muslim merchants spread acrossRead MoreThroughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and600 W ords   |  3 Pages Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and civilization. One of the major Abrahamic religions, Islam, has made many advances and has contributed a variety of concepts, ideas and inventions to western civilization. Most of these contributions have gone unnoticed throughout the years, and have been credited by various people, when in reality Muslim scholars have formulated these concepts. Although some may believe that these contributions are irrelevantRead MoreCC of Cultural and Intellectual Tradition of The M.E. (600-1450 CE)766 Words   |  4 PagesPeninsula joined forces to form the Dar-ar-Islam. Used to unite the Middle Eastern Empire, Islam – founded by the prophet Muhammad in 610 CE – created a stable civilization based on Islamic views and teachings for its individuals. In the Middle East during the time of 600 CE to 1450 CE, the religion of Islam stayed unchanged, while the influences of differ ent cultures altered the traditions of the society as well as the women’s rights and status in the civilization. As the Middle East developed overRead MoreThe Similarities between: The Byzantine Empire and Islamic Civilization 665 Words   |  3 PagesMuch of past civilizations have endured many failures and triumphs throughout their existence. In the third century, there were many civilizations that started to flourish. One of these civilizations that started to expand was the Byzantine civilization. The Byzantine civilization, also regarded as Byzantium, was part of the Roman Empire which was divided in 395 AD. Byzantium had shared the same attitude, as the Roman Empire, toward exercising its authority over its citizens and throughout its empireRead MoreSpread of Islam in West Africa by Professor Abdur-Rahman I Doi649 Words   |  3 PagesDoi, had established the Dar as-Salaam Islamic Research Center and had great experience in researching, lecturing and administration in African societal studies. In his article â€Å"Spread of Islam in West Africa†, he traced the path that Islam as a new religion went throw before it spread into sub-Saharan region of West Africa focusing on the Empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhay, the Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land. He described the influence of Islam on the â€Å"Dyaogo dynasty of the KingdomRead MoreWhat Role Did Violence And Warfare Play During The Origins And The Rise Of Islam1078 Words   |  5 PagesFirst of all, we are talking about what role did violence and warfare play in the origins and the rise of Islam. Since the 1950s, Western countries led by the committee to allow the establishment of Islamic mullahs called on the community of believers. Freed from the oppression of Islam out of the only parts of the land has old Yugoslavia and modern Israel. The real windfall rooted in Islamic fundamentalism and religious revivalism, part of the Muslim Arab countries because the current situationRead MoreReanalyze the Relationship of the West and Islamic Civilization Future1142 Words   |  5 PagesStates and allies) versus Islamic Civilization has triggered controversy among International Relations scholars. This paper tries to analyze three main supportive arguments from Huntington thesis in the West v. Islam conflict. Democracy System v. Islamic Laws Samuel P. Huntington stated that Muslims unable to accept democracy because of the nature of Islamic law and this situation potentially lead to the virulent clash between the West and Islamic countries. He argued that Islam is the exclusive religion

Walt Whitman And Langston Hughes Analysis - 796 Words

Walt Whitman and Langston Hughes. Two highly renowed poets. One of Whitmans most known poems, I Hear America Singing, is about living the American life; he explains multiple types of people in his piece of work and how they are all a part of America. Similar to this, Langston Hughes wrote the poem I, Too, Sing America, and in this, he includes African Americans, suggesting that Whitman left some people out. Also saying, that blacks are proud and just as big of a part of America as anyone else. Along with this, both are similar in the sense that they are about people in America. Aside from this, there are three other ways in which the poems I, Too, Sing America, and I Hear America Singing, are similar. Becasue of this, the poems†¦show more content†¦These lines show the happiness and optimism that is portrayed throughout the poem, by painting a picture of all kinds of people singing and being proud. In Hughes, I, Too, Sing America, the optimistic tone is also shown when the protagonist in the poem declares, They send me to eat in the kitchen/When company comes,/But I laugh,/And eat well,/And grow strong. (3-7). Although they are of color and are treated awfully, they are optimistic and look at the bright side, like how they at least have food, and laugh and are able to grow. Both poems definitely express an optimistic tone. One of the most noticable similarities between the two pieces of poetry, I Hear America Singing, and I, Too, Sing America, is the theme of unity. Both poems express what America is, and that is the people in America. Whitmans poem however, doesnt include blacks in his poem, but all other kinds of people. Hughes, poem makes it so that he is included. For example, Whitmans poem celebrates, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off/work, /The boatman singing.... (3-5)This is only a few of the many types of people that Whitman explains are all American, but most importantly, America. The poem unites all people of different backgrounds and jobs and says that they are all the same in the sense that they are American. In similarity, Hughes poem says, Tomorrow,/IllShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of Langston Hughes961 Words   |  4 PagesComing Quick (A Literary Analysis of Langston Hughes’ Poems) The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were impressive times for the growing of several different cultures. One of the main cultures that grew through those time periods was that of the black community. Those with darker skin color were pushed to their limits and they were still able to persevere. One writer in particular truly made a influence not only on his culture but on the rest of America, too. Langston Hughes was an astonishing influenceRead MoreI, Too explication891 Words   |  4 PagesAn explication of â€Å"I, Too† by Langston Hughes An analysis of Langston Hughes’ poem â€Å"I, Too† in the book The Norton Introduction to Literature (1021), shows that the author used distinct word choice and imagery to write a timeless poem about ignorance and bigotry that can be applied to any group of oppressed people, while at the same time he conveyed a strong sense of hope that at some future time, all will be welcome at the table. The opening line of â€Å"I, Too,† â€Å"I, too sing America† (1) speaksRead MoreThe Negro Speaks Of Rivers1548 Words   |  7 PagesLangston Hughes was an American poet, novelist, and playwright whose African-American themes names him a primary contributor to the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s. After moving from several cities, Hughes and his mother finally settled in Cleveland, Ohio. During this time, Hughes began to write poetry. One of his teachers introduced him to the poetry of Carl Sandburg and Walt Whitman, both whom Hughes would later cite as primary influences. By the time Hughes was enrolled at Columbia UniversityRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry Essay596 Words   |  3 Pages (A Comparative Analysis of Harlem Renaissance Poetry) The great philosopher Plato once orated: â€Å"Every heart sings a song, incomplete, until another heart whispers back. PBS defines the the Harlem Renaissance a â€Å"Cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between the end of World War I and the middle of the 1930s. During this period Harlem was a cultural center, drawing black writers, artists, musicians, photographers, poets, and scholars.† Those who wish to sing alwaysRead MoreAnalysis and Interpretation of I, Too Sing America by Langston Hughes1148 Words   |  5 PagesPoem I, Too Sing America is considered to be very characteristic for radical poetry of Langston Hughes. The majority of literary critiques and historians refer to Hughes as one of the first American poets, who set the standards and examples how to challenge the post-World War I ethnic nationalism. His poetry contributed and shaped to some extent the politics of the Harlem Renaissance. In analysis of Black poetry Charles S. J ohnson wrote that the new racial poetry of the Negro is the expressionRead MoreJames Mecer Langston Hughes: Literary Genius1763 Words   |  8 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. James Hughes and Carrie Langston are Hughes’ parents. They later divorced when Hughes was young. After his parents divorced he went to live with his grandmother until he turned thirteen years old. At thirteen years old he moved to Lincoln, Illinois. After living in Illinois he later moved to Cleveland, Ohio to live with his mother. When he moved to Cleveland he started writing poetry (â€Å"James Mercer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  par. 2). Langston had many

Post-Shakespearean Dramatists and declining of drama...

1 Post-Shakespearean Dramatists Introduction - Post Shakespearean drama/Jacobean drama (that is, the drama of the age of James 11603-1625) was a decadent form of the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. The Elizabethan age was the golden age of English drama.With the turn of the century the drama in England also took a turn. It does not mean that there were no dramatists left. There certainly was a large number of them, but none of them could come anywhere near Shakespeare.Just as after Chaucer, poetry in England suffered a decline, similarly after Shakespeare had given his best (that is, after the sixteenth century) drama also suffered a decline. With the passage of time it grew more and more decadent, till with Shirley in the†¦show more content†¦The blank verse of Beaumont and Fletcher is similarly inclined to a free use of weak and feminine endings. The â€Å"mighty line† of Marlowe and terse verse of Shakespeare in the prime are lost. As the fifteenth century followers of Chaucer failed to retain the charm of their master’s versification, so the later dramatists were quite unable to recapture the vital quality of dramatic blank verse. 7) Poor Characterisation – The post-Shakespearean dramatists had little skill in creating characters. They could not create new characters. They had certain stock-characters which they represented again and again in their plays. The whore, the lustful king, the adventurous panderer, were their wooden characters and they repeated them with mechanical regularity in their plays. 8) Other Channels of Expression – Dramatic literature suffered a setback due to the growing popularity of poetry and novels as medium of expressing literary thoughts. These two forms of literature proved more fascinating to authors, and instead of diverting their energy to drama which was on its way to decline, they directed their thoughts and ideas to the field of poetry and fiction. 9) Opposition by the Puritans – The Puritan opposition to drama is also responsible for the decline of drama during this age. Since theShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 PagesThe Elizabethan Age is the time period associated with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was an age considered to be the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the full flowering of English literature and English poetry. In Elizabethan theater, William Shakespeare, among others, composed and staged plays in a variety of settings that broke away from Englands past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and explorationRead More Politics, Power, and Purpose in Shakespeares Measure for Measure6619 Words   |  27 Pagesit is, also by its very nature, a social art form, occurring in public, before spectators. Because theatre is temporal and social, the human behavior occurring in the theatre event--th e behavior represented by the fictional story being told by the drama--is inescapably seen through the prism of the larger, more public society which is watching it. Even the most private and intimate scene is, in the medium of theatre, presented in public; the most private thought or emotion is displayed before a public

My First Small Business Adventure - 918 Words

Growing up as a middle-class child with both parents working, I learned to appreciate the little details. In order to grow my parents had to deal with a lot of un-ethical people and the wrongs they did to them. Although they had many opportunities to develop quickly at the expense of others, they always denied the idea of taking advantage of them. Instead, my parents chose the longer but righteous road. Through their life choices and their struggles, I learned to be fair to others as I would like others to be fair to me, how to be humble, and help develop others as much as I was developing. â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself.† Religion wasn’t harshly enforced, but my parents implemented a lot of the lessons that came from the words of the bible. I learned not to take advantage of people. As a young child my first small business adventure was my lemonade stand. Pricing my lemonade was the hardest thing I had to think about because I wanted to make money but, I didnâ₠¬â„¢t want people not to purchase it. There was my first business lesson. I needed to be fair to others as I would be to myself. I experienced that if I was giving my family a discount everyone else deserved one too because it was the exact same cup, with the same amount. I couldn’t turn around and sell it to others at a higher price just because I knew they didn’t know my family was getting it for less. I felt better to know I was being a good person even though I didn’t make a lot of money. Making money for theShow MoreRelatedAction Adventures 21353 Words   |  6 PagesConduct an internal and external environmental analysis for your proposed business. †¢ Use the information obtained from your internal and external analysis, as well as the lesson learned from the Considerations of a Strategic Plan: List assignment. †¢ Create a SWOTT table summarizing your findings. Your environmental analysis should take into account, at a minimum, the following factors. For each factor, identify the one primary strength, weakness, opportunity, threat, and trend, and includeRead MoreA Program For A Non Profit Telecommunications Company Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesbreath-taking thirteen-thousand feet over the Delmarva Peninsula. Ten years of anticipation and organization had paid off, I went Skydiving and yes, I would go again. My thirst for adventure like my thirst for success has given me the desire to continue academic training. My undergraduate education has given me the ability to take on small tasks in the professional world as a Projects Coordinator for a non-profit telecommunications company. This company is young and has potential for growth, I believeRead MoreCoral Divers Case Study Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesstrategic situation. Based on my findings, I believe Coral Divers is in a decreasing state of financials and diminishing competitive position. Their net income is negative and increasing in 2005 through 2007. In addition, there is a lack of differentiators at Coral Divers, hindering them from their competition. The issue at hand is whether Coral Divers should take on a potential growth strategy, which consists of adding a family vacation portion to their resort, and an adventure diving aspect. This wouldRead MoreA Program For A Non Profit Telecommunications Company1019 Words   |  5 Pagesbreath-taking thirteen-thousand feet over the Delmarva Peninsula. Ten years of anticipation and preparation had paid off, I went Skydiving and yes, I would go again. My thirst for adventure like my thirst for success has given me the desire to continue academic training. My undergraduate education has given me the ability to take on small tasks in the professional world as a Projects Coordinator for a non-profit telecommunications company. This company is young and has potential for growth, I believeRead MoreLife : The Unexpected Adventure1533 Words   |  7 PagesLife the Unexpected Adventure Life is an adventure! With paths that twist and turn; though heavy underbrush and dark forest, all leading toward junctions where key discussions are made. Through those paths led though different educational opportunities. Some of them come with unforeseen consequences, causing chain reactions and road blocks. The future never remains constant path. The journey to school, while on a key pathway, intersected countless byways; leading me to where I stand now. ChoosingRead MorePersonal Statement : My Best Friend1661 Words   |  7 Pages happiness, dedication, adventure/exploration and curiosity. The first value I focused on was friendship and I find that to be an extremely important part of life. To find certain people that love you for who you are and will always be looking out for you, those are the people that you want to keep in your life forever. On my visual I have three different picture of my best friends and I would never wish for anything else because they are the most wonderful people in my life. Developing a friendshipRead MoreEssay about Mgmt 404 Project Management1022 Words   |  5 PagesDeVry University | My BBQ Business Adventure | MGMT 404 Project Management | Renita Allgood 6/24/2014 | Table of Contents 1. Cover Page 2. Table of Contents 3. Project Charter 4. Scope Statement 5. Work Breakdown Structure 6. Network Diagram 7. Risk Management Plan 8. Resource Management Plan 9. Communication Management Plan Project Charter Project Name: My BBQ Restaurant Business Adventure Project Number: 1 Project Manager: Renita AllgoodRead MoreDescriptive Essay - My Adventures Longboarding1560 Words   |  7 Pagesto acquire in one’s everyday life. Yet, through my adventures longboarding, I am able to get a whiff of such emotions. As I surf the concrete wave of the hoosier roads, I feel my longboard’s wheels whiz underneath me as if to tell me to go faster. Though I am reaching speeds of 20 mph, my feet move in unison to carve down the road as if it were snow. The unavoidable problems that strangle every teenager are kept at bay by the wind flowing through my hair. Although you may not yet know what you wantRead MoreLosing My Virginity by Richard Branson Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Losing my Virginity by Richard Branson Book title: Losing My Virginity Author: Richard Branson Place of publication: Rainville Road, London, England Publisher: Virgin Books; Rev Ed edition Year of publication: June 27th 2002. Number of pages: 672 ISBN-10: 0753506483 ISBN-13: 978-0753506486 Synopsis: Richard Branson takes the reader on the adventure; which is his life. The author openly discusses his family, friends, sexual escapades, life threatening attemptsRead MoreWhy Do I Want To Go To College Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesto acquire in one’s everyday life. Yet, through my adventures longboarding, I am able to get a whiff of such emotions. As I surf the concrete wave of the hoosier roads, I feel my longboard’s wheels whiz underneath me as if to tell me to go faster. Though I am reaching speeds of 20 mph, my feet move in unison to carve down the road as if it were snow. The unavoidable problems that strangle every teenager are kept at bay by the wind flowing through my hair. Although you may not yet know what you want

The Real Inspector Hound Free Essays

Tom Stoppard’s The Real Inspector Hound, which was written between 1961 and 1962 and premiered on June 17th 1968, is an absurd play that comments on the role of the critic in relation to the play he or she critiques and comments on the interdependent relationship that is formed between critic and actor. The Real Inspector Hound’s plot revolves around a couple of critics, Moon and Birdboot, who become embroiled in a murder mystery while watching a play about a murder mystery; in this sense, The Real Inspector Hound is a play-within-a-play. Through the play’s plot and theme, Stoppard not only comments on the interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship critics have with the theatre, but also on how the theatre and critic must remain separate entities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Real Inspector Hound or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Real Inspector Hound is an absurdist play that is highly self-aware, or self-reflexive, of its premise and structure. For the purposes of this analysis, the play Moon and Birdboot are attending will be referred to as â€Å"the play,† whereas Stoddard’s play (in which â€Å"the play† is contained will be referred to as The Real Inspector Hound. In establishing the play’s and The Real Inspector Hound’s general theme of a murder mystery, Stoppard not only comments on the absurdity of whodunit tales—in this case Agatha Christie’s The Mousetrap—but provides a meta-critique of the genre through Moon and Birdboot who attempt to decipher the play they are watching’s plot. In the process, Stoppard also forces The Real Inspector Hound’s audience to attempt to decipher the events within the play—and within the play’s play—as they unfold, thus creating a tertiary level of meta-criticism. Through this approach, Stoppard demonstrates that critics and criticism are not formal roles, but rather that assuming the role of a critic can be done by anybody and that people actively engage in criticism even if they are not aware of it. Through his criticism of theatre and the whodunit genre, Stoppard forces the reader, and consequently the critic, to recognize the interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship that is formed between the theatre and the critic. One of the basic premises Stoppard comments on is how critics are dependent on the theatre and how it not only provides them with a source of income and allows them to attain some sort of fame, but also how it allows them to gain insight into some aspect of their lives. One of Moon’s most self-reflexive meta-comments allows the reader to understand Stoppard’s personal concept of the purpose of theatre. Moon comments, â€Å"There are moments, and I would not begrudge it this, when the play, if we can call it that, and I think on balance we can, aligns itself uncompromisingly on the side of life† (Stoppard 31). When deconstructed, Moon’s observation can be applied on two different levels. The first level Moon’s comment can be applied is to his personal observation of the play he and Birdboot are watching. In The Real Inspector Hound, it is revealed the action taking place within the play’s play mirrors the action that is taking place within The Real Inspector Hound. For instance, in the play it is revealed that Simon is leaving Felicity because he has fallen in love with Cynthia. This ironically parallels Birdboot’s behavior as he has been having an affair with the actress that plays Felicity and has pushed his own wife to the side. It is ironic to not only see how the play mirrors Birdboot’s life, but also how the issue is not so absurd that it does not occur in everyday life. By commenting on the how theatre is a mirror of real life, Moon, as a critic and observer, forces the reader—and his followers—to take note of the messages conveyed through theatre. By analyzing the themes conveyed through theatre, it becomes much more than a simple entertainment venue and is transformed into a means for self-reflection. In addition to the parallels created by the adulterous couple in the play and Birdboot, Moon observes and paradoxically foreshadows what occurs in the play by commenting on his role within the critic world. In The Real Inspector Hound, the only reason Moon is given the opportunity to attend and critique the play is because his superior, Higgs, has mysteriously failed to show up. As Moon contemplates about his role and life, and about what will be written on his epitaph, he comments, â€Å"Sometimes I dream of revolution, a bloody coup d’etat by the second rank—troupes of actors slaughtered by their under-studies†¦Sometimes I dream of Higgs† (7). In The Real Inspector Hound it is not the actors that are slaughtered by their underappreciated understudies, but rather the critics who are killed off. By referring to the role of the critic as being one of power, Moon not only comments on the impact the critic can potentially have, but also on the necessity for evolution in terms of theatre as an art form. The critic’s livelihood is dependent on artistic revolution and innovation. If a critic is only critiquing the same element or genre, then their input becomes moot and they outlive their purpose as they have lost any power they may have had when their critiques actually influenced people. A critic not only has the power to influen ce people to attend or avoid a theatre production, but also the critic’s power also lies in how he or she influences the theatre. In The Real Inspector Hound, Birdboot is having an adulterous affair with the actress who plays Felicity in the play. In his defense, Birdboot contends, â€Å"My wife Myrtle understands perfectly well that a man of my critical standing is obliged occasionally to mingle with the world of the foot lights, simply by way of keeping au fait with the latest,† that is to say, that in order to understand and keep up with the ever-changing world of theatre, a person needs to be actively involved in it (10). If a critic is not up-to-date with what is going on in the realm of theatre, it is difficult for him or her to impact either the audience or potential theatre-goer, or to make an impact on the world of theatre. Birdboot also asserts that it is necessary to maintain a certain level of integrity (even if he engages in illicit behavior himself) and is offended when Moon insinuates Birdboot uses his position of power to influence the realm of theatre and promote any actress that is willing to trade (sexual) favors. Birdboot exclaims, â€Å"[To] suggest that my good opinion in a journal of unimpeachable integrity is at the disposal of the first coquette who gives me what I want† is considered to be more of an insult than a statement of truth, despite the fact that it is not intended to question his integrity as a critic, but rather his integrity as a man. Through The Real Inspector Hound, Stoppard provides commentary on the thin line that divides critics from actors by highlighting how the theatre becomes irrevocably changed when critics interfere with a production. For instance, when Moon crosses the play’s fourth wall and jumps into the action in medias res, he not only disrupts the action on stage, but also breaks down the wall between critic and actor and becomes part of a world he is merely charged with observing. By breaking the rules of theatre and becoming actively engaged in the action, Moon can no longer provide an unbiased opinion on the play and thus outlives his purpose. His objectivity is removed and as such, so must he be from his position. While the theatre and critic are interdependent on each other for survival, the theatre cannot serve to criticize its audience and can only provide them with a mirror into who they are. Likewise, a critic cannot become part of the theatre without losing his or her reputation; the critic has to remain constantly separated from the action while attempting to remain informed about the artists, themes, and artistic movements that are constantly in flux. Through Moon’s and Birdboot’s monologues, Stoppard investigates the role of the critic and demonstrates how critics are constantly fighting to survive within their own industry and how the theatre is dependent on critics to not only influence audiences, but also to secure employment within the industry. In a way, critics are the people who have the most control in the world of theatre and as such, they are constantly in danger as other critics actively fight to be the most respected and influential critic, the one who holds all the power, and the one who gets all the â€Å"perks. † Works Cited Stoppard, Tom. The Real Inspector Hound. Scribd. Web. 14 December 2012, from http://www. scribd. com/doc/92063145/The-Real-Inspector-Hound-Full-Text How to cite The Real Inspector Hound, Essay examples

Socially Constructed Phenomenon

Question: Discuss this statement with reference to the criminological schools of thought, the emergence of the victim in criminological thought, different definitions of crime, and measuring crime and victimisation? Answer: Introduction Crimes like murder, assault, robbery, rape and theft are all considered as criminal offenses. Such criminal behaviors increase the crime problem of a nation and also from the general public with fear. Criminal behavior can be described as the behavior that violates the criminal law. It cannot be considered as a crime unless the behavior has been limited by the criminal law. On the other hand, traditionally, criminal law has been defined as the body of rules related with human conduct that have been promulgated by political authority and are applicable uniformly to all the members of the class to which such rules referred to and which rules are enforced by arrangement that is administered by the State (Carrabine et al., 2014). Without these laws, there shall be complete chaos and similarly there will be no social order. In this way, it can be said that these laws are invoked in order to maintain social control. But the crime problem is still a serious problem and as a result, the dema nd is also present for more such laws. However in order to deal with the problem of crime, it is important that the meaning of crime should be assessed. It has been argued by some criminologists that crime is socially constructed. On the other hand, there are many who believe that crime is real and therefore it should be taken seriously. In this way, in case of the social construction of crime, it is believed that crime is caused by social factors (Walklate, 2007). According to it, crime is not related with psychological and biological factors and it is a response to the state of society and also the inequality in the society.The theories that are present in the support of social construction of crime include Labeling, New Criminology, Marxism and Gender Studies. Crime as a socially constructed processLabeling Theory In case of the leading theory, it is provided that the criminals are labeled as criminals due to the purpose of social order. Their behavior is not in accordance with the social norms and the society does not tolerate such deviant behaviors. Such an impression has to be imposed by the law agents but at the same time, it has also been proposed by some criminologists that the labeling system also encourages more criminal behavior instead of decreasing it (Treadwell, 2006). The labeling theory not only accounts for the different impact that it has on certain individuals but at the same time it can also have a negative impact on the way some groups are perceived (Karmen, 2013). The exaggeration combined with labeling can result in creating a model panic among the public. Moral panics are the reaction of the public and the media towards certain events. In this way, model panic is also considered as public outcries. Such events are considered as a threat to the social order and an example of such events can be given in the form of soccer violence or vandalism. The public receives information regarding the crime from the media. For example, during the 1970s, the focus of the attention of media was on mugging. Images from the ghettos were used by the media and street robberies were defined into a new youth and the violent crime taking place on streets came to be known as mugging. Very soon, the moral panic that was associated with mugging started to focus on black youths. It was considered that the problem has been the result of racial inequality and social deprivation. The result was that media completely blew out of proportion the incidence of mugging. The matters were made worse when the police started to target black youths who were seen in the streets. In this way, the media has to be selective regarding the events that are going to be reported by it and also the way, the event is going to be presented to the public. For example the crimes against environment are not considered as 'spectacularly newsworthy' while the cases of violence in which injuries have been received by innocent persons generally receive the attention of the media (Walklate, 2011). Theory of Karl Marx According to the theory of crime proposed by Karl Marx, crime is committed by the lower class as a result of the inequality that is generally seen in case of capitalist societies. Significant social changes have taken place as a result of the industrial revolution which has produced a capitalist society. In case of a capitalist society, there is a powerful ruling class which also owns the modes of production and at the same time, there is the class that is ruled by them and this class also works for them (Muncie, 2001). Therefore while the working class produces the goods, it is up to the owners to gain huge profits by selling these goods to the other members of the society. While the members of the working class only earn low wages and at the same time, the jobs they have to do can be very unrewarding and an interesting. As a result of the low wages given to them, the workers have to live in poverty. This division results in inequality and conflict. Such a conflict is generally expr essed in the form of riots and rebellion. In this way, according to this theory, crime is also an expression of the exploitation and the terrible working and living conditions that the people from the working class have to face.In this way, according to Karl Marx crime is the struggle of an individual against the prevailing conditions. According to this theory, it is believed that crime is socially constructed. However there are certain flaws in this theory. Capitalism alone cannot be considered as the cause behind crime. Crime is still present in case of industrialized societies. In the same way, this theory only focuses on the crime committed by lower-class (Sarre, 2012). It also needs to be noted in this regard that the people from the art classes also commit a number of crimes. Particularly these people are engaged in white-collar crime. Realism Right Realism: In the same way, in case of the realist criminology, there can be either Right or Left Realism. In both these cases, it is believed that crime is real and it has to be taken seriously. It is also believed that the safety of the public has to be ensured with the help of crime control. However Right Realism does not support the position that crime is produced by the society if a deviant person is labeled as a criminal but it is the personal choice of an individual to become a criminal. In case of Rigth Realism, it is realized that crime can be overrepresented as a result, in this case it is proper to gain information through victim surveys. On the other hand, the critics of right realism point out that it only focuses on the way social order can be achieved and on punishing the street crime. Therefore crimes like the white collar crimes are left out of this equation.Left Realism: On the other hand, the left realists are dissatisfied with the social construction of crime. According to them, crime is not the result of model panic that has been created by the media. It is the real expression of the public which results in moral panics. Therefore it is important to consider the fears of the public seriously and to act upon them. Conclusion While ending the discussion if crime is socially constructed or not, it can be said that crime can be said to be socially constructed as well as real. Crime can be considered as socially constructed in the form of the labeling individuals which turns the deviants into criminals. At the same time, the media can also be held responsible for the over-representation as well as the under-representation that may end up creating moral panics among the public. At the same time, crime can also be the result of the feeling of inequality and exploitation that can be created among the working class who has to face terrible living conditions, particularly in capitalist societies. Similarly, gender roles can also have an impact on the rate of crime between men and women. However it is also important to note that apart from all these, crime is also real. The victims of numerous crimes are present to tell their tales. In this way, crime represents a huge problem which has to be addressed effectively . Therefore while certain flaws are present in the radical theories, it can certainly be said that crime is a reality. 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